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11.
Valentina Bosetti Carlo Carraro Massimo Tavoni 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2012,51(3):353-369
This paper analyzes the economic and investment implications of a series of climate mitigation scenarios, characterized by
different levels of ambition for long-term stabilization goals and transitional pathways. Results indicate that although milder
climate objectives can be achieved at moderate costs, stringent stabilization paths, compatible with the 2°C target, might
require significant economic resources. Innovation and technology are shown to be able to mitigate, but not structurally alter,
this trade-off. Technologies that allow capturing CO2 from the atmosphere are shown to be important for expanding the feasibility space of stringent climate policies, though only
if deployed at a scale which would represent a tremendous challenge. In general, the analysis indicates that the timing of
mitigation is an important factor of cost containment, with early action being desirable. It also elaborates on the set of
mitigation strategies and policies that would be required to achieve climate protection at maximum efficiency. 相似文献
12.
We provide the first simulation evidence of event-study test performance in multi-country non-US samples. The nonparametric rank and generalized sign tests are more powerful than two common parametric tests, especially in multi-day windows. The two nonparametric tests are mostly well specified, but neither is perfectly specified in all situations. The parametric standardized cross-sectional test can provide a useful robustness check but is less powerful than the nonparametric tests and rejects too often in single-market samples and when firm-specific events affect the market index. Local-currency market-model abnormal returns using national market indexes are sufficient. 相似文献
13.
Research on financial constraints of very small firms is scarce because it is difficult to observe and measure their transactions.
Previous studies on small enterprises in post-communist countries have focused either on the effect of financing constraints
on business growth (Budina et al., 2000, Economics of Transition
8(2), 453–475; Bratkowski et al., 2000, Economics of Transition
8(1), 101–116) or on the effect of property rights (Johnson et al., 2002, American Economic Review
92(5), 1335–1357). This paper provides evidence on both. It turns out that financing constraints and property rights considerations
affects investment in firms of different age differently. Younger firms face higher information costs and their expansion
is more dependent on the availability of internal funds than is the expansion of older firms. This paper also finds that while
the financial sector did not channel funds to the most successful businesses, there is evidence that loans were given to firms
that had more transparent transactions. Results also indicate that the security of property rights does not influence investment
in young firms, which is interpreted to mean that only the most efficient entrepreneurs entered the market. In older small
firms, investment is negatively influenced by the index of security of property rights suggesting that these firms might have
“secured” their property rights by bribes. Improvements in the security of property rights, therefore, would help more micro
enterprises to be born as well as decrease transaction cost of established enterprises.
相似文献
14.
Valentina Raimondi Margherita Scoppola Alessandro Olper 《Review of World Economics》2012,148(4):707-732
The erosion of preferences due to multilateral tariff reductions is a long-standing concern for many developing countries. This paper focuses on the erosion of the preferences granted by the EU in the rice industry. Since 2004 there has been a sharp decrease in border protection for the EU rice industry. Because the EU grants trade preferences to a considerable number of rice exporting developing countries, the reform implied preference erosion as well. By addressing the impact of preference erosion on developing countries rice exports to the EU, this paper contributes two original insights to the literature: first, by proposing a new empirical approach to compute the preference margin when tariff rate quotas are in force which is based on the assumption of the existence of fixed costs and economies of scale in international trade; second, by estimating the trade elasticities of preferences by means of a dynamic panel gravity equation to deal with the issues of endogeneity of preferences and persistency in bilateral trade flows. The results show that the way preference margins are calculated matters significantly when assessing the existence and extent of their erosion and the values of trade elasticities. Finally, the estimations highlight the fact that the impact of preferences is still very strong for some of the countries concerned. 相似文献
15.
16.
Data Envelopment Analysis of different climate policy scenarios 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recent developments in the political, scientific and economic debate on climate change suggest that it is of critical importance to develop new approaches able to compare policy scenarios for their environmental effectiveness, their distributive effects, their enforceability, their costs and many other dimensions. This paper discusses a quantitative methodology to assess the relative performance of different climate policy scenarios when accounting for their long-term economic, social and environmental impacts. The proposed procedure is based on Data Envelopment Analysis, here employed in evaluating the relative efficiency of eleven global climate policy scenarios. The methodology provides a promising comparison framework; it can be seen as a way of setting some basic guidelines to frame further debates and negotiations and can be flexibly adopted and modified by decision makers to obtain relevant information for policy design. Three major findings emerge from this analysis: (i) stringent climate policies can outperform less ambitious proposals if all sustainability dimensions are taken into account; (ii) a carefully chosen burden-sharing rule is able to bring together climate stabilisation and equity considerations; and (iii) the most inefficient strategy results from the failure to negotiate a post-2012 global climate agreement. 相似文献
17.
18.
Regression-based testing techniques have long been used to quantify whether the efficient frontier of a set of assets spans the frontier of a larger collection of investments. This paper derives regression-based spanning tests for the case in which the investment possibilities set contains, or is constituted by, futures contracts for which marked-to-market margins are explicitly taken into account. Two empirical applications illustrate our results. 相似文献
19.
Valentina Dinica 《Journal of Sustainable Tourism》2013,21(5):583-603
This study focuses on the role of public authorities in the governance of tourism for sustainable development at national level. Departing from an overview of international recommendations, it analyses whether those recommendations are reflected in the way public authorities influence domestic tourism in the Netherlands. The conclusion is drawn that, currently, the internationally recommended horizontal and vertical coordination of public authorities and their policies is missing. This is largely due to a design approach that follows from neo-liberal principles of governance, as opposed to the sustainability performance of the tourism sector. The paper then discusses the results of a survey carried out to map the extent to which Dutch tourism stakeholders would be in favor of adopting measures to improve coordination. It is concluded that, although there is support for more coordination, there is no converging vision on how specific aspects of it should be best organized. The paper highlights the need for multi-stakeholder debates that should consider the links between governance features and the sustainability performance of tourism. 相似文献
20.
This paper develops tests for comparing the accuracy of predictive densities derived from (possibly misspecified) diffusion models. In particular, we first outline a simple simulation-based framework for constructing predictive densities for one-factor and stochastic volatility models. We then construct tests that are in the spirit of Diebold and Mariano (1995) and White (2000). In order to establish the asymptotic properties of our tests, we also develop a recursive variant of the nonparametric simulated maximum likelihood estimator of Fermanian and Salanié (2004). In an empirical illustration, the predictive densities from several models of the one-month federal funds rates are compared. 相似文献